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Cloudflare Ray ID 7d812f42d8db41c8 • Your IP • Performance & security by Cloudflare Section snippetsParadigms Lost Mounting Critiques of Filtering MetaphorsTo explain local community composition and structure, ecologists frequently use a heuristic describing a set of discrete, sequential mechanisms Figure 1A that filter a larger species pool see Glossary of potential residents to the subset that occurs within a community [1]. Three types of ecological process filters’ dominate this perspective dispersal, the abiotic environment, and biotic interactions and they are understood to shape patterns of ecological diversity across multipleFocusing on Growth Rate–Environment CovarianceModern coexistence theory estimates separate and discrete terms for differences in average growth rate and niche overlap [19]. However, in practice, it is difficult to tease apart differences between species in terms of their ecological niches and their intrinsic growth rates versus trait and phylogenetic measurements [20]. Furthermore, differences in both intrinsic growth rates and niche breadth and overlap and, therefore, coexistence likely depend on the local environment. As aMechanisms other than Competition Can Also Give Rise to Patterns Consistent with Environmental FilteringThe environment and competition are the dominant explanations for phylogenetic and functional diversity patterns in analyses of community structure, despite the fact that evidence supporting these inferences is often lacking 6, 22. Other ecological processes also influence community composition and, undoubtedly, multiple mechanisms simultaneously influence community patterns and are themselves affected by environmental conditions. A number of these could dominate community composition, creating What Generalities Can We Take from Past Environmental Filtering Research?Given that covariance between the environment and the intrinsic growth rates of species will produce competitive shifts across a gradient Figure 2, we recognize that a strict environmental filter might be dominant at the spatial scales work at by community ecologists. However, this does not mean that most nonrandom functional and phylogenetic diversity patterns have inferred a role for environment in influencing diversity patterns incorrectly. Such phenotypic clustering in communities couldGuidelines for Assessing the Role of the Environmental Filter Using Observational DataGiven the difficulty in separating a strict environmental filter, where mortality is greater than recruitment, from a scenario with growth rate–environment covariance with unequal responses among species, a strict definition of the environmental filter may not be useful for observational data. A more nuanced definition would view the environment as a filter that acts on the components of direct survival and reproduction and on intrinsic growth rate simultaneously and, as a result, leads toConcluding RemarksDespite critiques, there is still good reason to explore how patterns of trait or phylogenetic dispersion change in response to the environment. While the environment as a filter of community structure remains a useful concept, it rarely follows the strictest definitions. Observational data, the focus of most such analyses, are important for driving restoration and conservation decisions 31, 32. Local environmental conditions are key variables for determining the appropriate speciesAcknowledgementsWe wish to thank Nathan Kraft, Nathan Swenson, Evan Weiher, and two anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. is supported by the TD Professor of Urban Forest Conservation and Biology chair and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada 386151. acknowledges the European Commission for the Marie Curie IIF H2020-MSCA-IF-2014-657951.GlossaryClusteredalso referred to as underdispersion’; refers to communities comprising species that are more similar to one another measured as functional or phylogenetic distances than expected by dispersionthe mean, range, or variance of functional or phylogenetic distances within communities; usually relative to a null diversitythe extent of trait differences in a community or assemblage; measures may include the mean, total, or distribution of theseReferences 64 et analysis of community assembly and structure over space and timeTrends in Ecology Evolution2008 LetcherPhylogenetic community structure during succession evidence from three Neotropical forest sitesPerspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics2012 CadottePredicting communities from functional traitsTrends in Ecology & Evolution2015J. 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